Over time, however, this obligation has been extended to cover other international and internal armed conflicts, largely through international customary law. Occupying powers were the only parties originally obligated to provide for humanitarian assistance. In addition to regulating the means and methods of warfare, IHL outlines the rights and duties of parties to an armed conflict and the potential role of humanitarian agencies regarding assistance. The humanitarian principles of humanity and impartiality have a basis in IHL. The frameworks comprise different branches of international law, the most prominent being international humanitarian law (IHL), which governs during armed conflict. For instance, negotiations and arguments for access can be strengthened by reference to specific legal obligations of the parties to the armed conflict to permit access. International legal frameworks for humanitarian action not only provide guidance on how to address such situations, but can also serve as powerful tools in advocating for, and achieving, the protection of affected civilian populations. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, regulatory barriers to disaster relief hindered the effectiveness and efficiency of assistance. During the conflict in Darfur, for example, humanitarian personnel and vehicles were subject to military attacks. Humanitarian needs are often extensive – as are challenges in delivering assistance. The provision of humanitarian assistance takes place in a variety of settings – under occupation, in international and internal armed conflicts, and in the event of natural or man-made disasters.
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